An online chat and a couple of emails have encouraged me to return to the topic of Bald Ibis and, more particularly, its history in Iberia (see also  http://birdingcadizprovince.weebly.com/cadiz-birding-blog-page/bald-ibis-re-introduction).  I'm very glad that I did so since it brought to my attention an excellent article ( Evidence of the historic presence of the Northern Bald Ibis [Geronticus eremita] in Spain by Iñigo Sánchez)  published in 2006 which I'd previously missed (see http://www.researchgate.net/publication/235994501_Evidence_of_the_historic_presence_of_the_Northern_Bald_Ibis_%28Geronticus_eremita%29_in_Spain).  What follows is little more than a digest of that article with a few observations of my own.  

That Bald Ibis once lived in what we now call Spain (although not necessarily that they bred there) has been confirmed by fossil remains found in eastern Spain and Gibraltar, but to many this seems somewhat too remote historically to justify reintroduction today.  It's been  suggested that figures from the “Cueva del Tajo de las Figuras” Benalup, Cadiz dated from Neolithic and Chalcolithic (i.e c7000 BC to c1700 BC) represent this species.  These figures are very stylistic and most are unidentifiable beyond being “long-legged waterbirds”.  The predominance of waterbirds isn't so surprising as the 'cave' is close to what is now La Janda and was then doubtless a large coastal swamp.  Those that are identifiable clearly depict Flamingos and one has a suitably curved bill to be an ibis. Looking more closely at the latter, it even seems to sport what could be a bunch of feathers projecting from the back of the head (what I'd call a 'mullet') just like on Bald Ibis.  However, the figures presented in the article (and above) is a schematic tracing from the original so some caution is needed in interpreting the drawing.  Given that all of the birds seem to be 'waterbirds' it's not surprising that one has a curved bill, but with most being so crude to be unidentifiable it's hard to draw too many conclusions beyond 'bird sp.'  If my education as an historian drummed one thing into me it was “always search out the original source”, but I can find no photo of the original cave painting online and my own photos of these fascinating cave paintings do not include this figure.  This shallow rock shelter (it's scarcely a cave) is well worth visiting, but recent cutbacks mean it's now closed (although check locally as it may sometimes be open).  So whilst this illustration may depict Bald Ibis, without seeing the original it would be incautious to be too confident about the bird's identity as it could represent no more than a stylistic quirk or an inaccurate tracing.  Given the crudity of the other drawings, the possibility of it depicting a Glossy Ibis cannot be ruled out either.

Thus far I've tended to pour cold water on the points made in Sánchez's article, but where he really comes up trumps and is wholly convincing is in his discussion of the 'bald raven'.   This name comes from Pliny the Elder's book “Naturalis Historia” (77 AD) which mentions that a bird called in Greek Phalakrokorax (literally bald raven) lived in the Alps and the Balearic islands. Confusingly, despite Pliny's insistence that this bird was bald, this Greek name became attached to Cormorant and still is as its scientific name remains Phalacrocorax.  However, as Pliny also mentions a kind of waterbird, 'mergus' which many authors consider to have been Cormorant it seems he was writing about an entirely different bird.  (Just to add another layer of confusion the name 'mergus' gives us both the common and scientific name for mergansers).  Although surprising to the modern birdwatcher cormorants and ravens were long considered to be related with both being called as koras, corvus, corvi, corbeau, cuervo, rapp in different European languages. Given that no other bird in the region is do obviously bald,  it seems not unreasonable to identify Pliny's Phalakrokorax as a Bald Ibis.  

So although you could argue that there's no absolutely incontrovertible evidence that Bald Ibis bred in Spain as no authors mention nests or breeding, the circumstantial evidence is extremely strong that it once did so. With written evidence of cuervo calvo's existence in Spain going back to the 14th century it seems extremely unlikely that, given their known wider range several centuries later,  they didn't breed in Iberia well into historic times. Unless the birds mentioned by Luis Zapata were migrants, it seems that they persisted into the 16th century and it cannot be ruled out that they may have hung on into the 17th century making them contemporaries of the birds found in Central Europe. Is this evidence of this relatively recent occupation of Spain sufficient to justify their re-introduction?  Personally, I'm convinced that it does and even were it not so, I'd still hesitate to deny this wonderfully characterful species a safe haven in this very uncertain world. 

When court physician to Philip II, Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba (1514 - 1587), translated Pliny's work into Spanish he seemed to have no doubt that the  Phalakrokorax was found in Spain. Given that he also wrote one of the first natural histories of the 'New World' (Plantas y Animales de la Nueva Espana posthumously published in Mexico 1615) then it's safe to assume that he knew what he was about.  He wrote that “bald ravens, called phalacrocoraces in Greek …. are known although they rare in Spain” (“cuervos calvos, en griego phalacrocoraces, y son conocidos aunque raros en España”) and further wrote that “it seems to be a Black Ibis for Belonio, the same that Gesner named Selvatic Raven and that we call Bald Raven in Spain” (“a Belonio le parece que sea ibis negra la que Gesnero nombra cuervo selvático, que dezimos en Hespaña cuervo calvo”).   Sánchez then goes on to unearth many mentions of  “cuervo calvo” (Bald Raven) in Spanish books on falconry from the 14th century onwards and all of them comment that the 'Bald Raven' was a typical target for Spanish falconers.  Since they also mention Raven as simply “cuervo” and Cormorant as “cuervo marino”, there seems little doubt that they meant a different bird by “cuervo calvo” and only Bald Ibis fits the bill.  Only one of these works, that by Luis Zapata de Chaves (1526 – 1595), gives specific localities for “cuervo calvo” noting that it was to be found in a number of localities in Badajoz province.  The same author also mentions that the bird was good eating which may well explain its ultimate demise in Spain (and beyond).  One wonders whether Hernandez and Zapata, both members of Philip II's court ever sat down and chatted about "cuervo calvo". Other authors comment that the method used to catch “cuervo calvo” was that used for birds like the crane, herons and Spoonbill which suggests this was indeed a larger bird.  In passing I also wonder which 'raven' the village of El Cuervo on the border of Cadiz and Seville is named after since the principle feature of the area is a large shallow laguna which could have been attractive to Bald Ibis in the past. 

A more recent mosaic illustration from Roman times (c206 BC) found at Italica, Seville shown in Sánchez's article is supposed to depict Bald Ibis.  This seems to be based on it having a curved bill and a crest (see above).  My need to go back to original sources, in this case the mosaic at the House of Neptune in Italica, led me to make a closer examination of the mosaic and to draw a very different conclusion.   The border of the mosaic shows half-a-dozen or so birds which, although they vary in detail, are all obviously meant to be the same sort of bird as they have many features in common.  Based on the famous classical story of the emnity between pygmies and  Cranes archaeologists have, not unreasonably, identified all of these birds as 'cranes'. However, the details, particularly the head plumes suggest the artist, whatever his intention, was illustrating egrets. Depictions from ancient sources are not necessarily ornithologically precise.  More birds have straight (or straightish) bills than curved ones, several (including the one used in Sánchez's article) appear to have back plumes and all show a fine head plume (not a ragged 'mullet' like Bald Ibis). Looking more closely the variety in the shape of all of the birds' bills it seems to me that their shape more reflects the problems working with tesserae than any observation from life.   Ancient mosaics often relate to some metaphorical story and this seems to be the case here where the birds  form part of a narrative involving savage homunculi.  That the homunculi are surprisingly well endowed and at least one is in what the Victorians delicately used to call a 'state of arousal' suggests some sort of sexual message may also be intended (itself not an uncommon feature of Roman art).    In case you haven't already guessed, the first bird is the one identified as a Bald Ibis and it's perhaps relevant that it only seems to bend after the hand shown gripping the bill.

There's no doubt that the project to re-introduce the Bald Ibis into Andalucia has, thus far, been a great success. One colony is now well established and it is making a significant contribution towards rescuing this species from extinction. After a somewhat uncertain start, the project quickly hit its stride with 7 pairs breeding in 2011, 8 pairs in 2012, 15 pairs in 2013 and no less than 24 pairs in 2014 indicating that the colony is on its way to becoming self sustaining. It is now, I believe, the largest free flying population outside Morocco.  With the fate of the tiny Syria population being very uncertain and the Turkish birds no longer free-flying this project is of huge significance.  It's even established the bird as a minor tourist attraction with the birds on the cliffs at La Barca de Vejer  (below Vejer de la Frontera) rarely being without a small number of admirers and photographers.  The only query is whether the term used here should be 'introduction' or 're-introduction' as the evidence for the species ever being a native of Spain is relatively 'thin'.  Given the species' world wide rarity I don't mind either way as long as its future is secure, but for many 'purists' this is a critical question. Fortunately, in his article Iñigo Sánchez (Curator of Jerez Zoo) advances a strong case for this to have been the re-introduction of a species lost in historical times.

One of the most convincing arguments in favour of Bald Ibis being native to Spain in historical times comes from an examination of the species' known historical range.  Although its existence at all was once doubted, it's now accepted that the species bred in central Europe (Austria, Germany and Austria) into the 17th century and there were wild populations in Turkey and Algeria up until late in the 20th century and they have persisted in Morocco and Syria (just) into the 21st century.  Hence the circumstantial evidence for them to have been native right across the Mediterranean basin is very strong.  Such a view is further strengthened by research suggesting that, with one exception, there are no birds now living in continental Europe as well as North Africa that are absent in the Iberian Peninsula suggesting a natural continuity between the two.  (The exception is Demoiselle Crane which barely hangs on in North Africa, but, although the evidence isn't strong, this too may once have been a breeding bird in Spain). Given the relative poverty of ornithological source material in pre-modern times, the species' extinction in Spain may date to only a few hundred years ago

My latest edition of my notes on birding Cadiz province is now available on ISSUU - http://issuu.com/johncantelo/docs/cadiz_birding_may_2015_-  As usual if you cannot download the notes from ISSUU then by all means contact me directly so that I can send you a copy. Note that I do not have printed versions and the notes are only available in 'virtual' form. As mentioned in my previous blog, this will be the last revision for some time as I am not so free to get out to Spain as previously.  Accordingly any comments, revisions or suggestions would be very gratefully received. 

For this edition, I have redrawn three maps, made two small extensions/changes to details regarding existing sites and the addition of a brief discussion of passerine migration plus various minor corrections and the usual updates on status and distribution. 

One of the redrawn maps is for 'Bonanza Pools' showing the route from the CA 9027 to the pools allowing you to entirely avoid Sanlucar (which can sometimes be congested and not least confusing to the first time visitor)  On recent visits the embanked ponds (a) have had very little and weren't worth the stop.  In the past they have had White-headed Duck, Black-necked Grebe and even, for one lucky birder, Little Swift.  The track (b) is not worth checking unless (Greater) Short-toed Lark and Tawny Pipit are targets (though the latter is scarce). The field between (a) and the arrowed route to the pools sometimes has a large Pratincole colony (absent in recent years, but always worth checking for). The route across to the pools takes you past 'poly-tunnels' and small fields, but is a good gravel track (although beware of agricultural traffic)  This spring the Bonanza Pools (c) themselves gave their usual very close views of White-headed Duck, yielded Little Bittern within minutes and had all of the usual species (Great Reed Warbler, Purple Gallinule, Red-crested Pochard and Night Heron).  However Crested Coot didn't seem to be present (although mine was only a brief visit).  It's tempting to turn north on Camino Colorado to reach Bonanza Salinas, but this takes you to a maze of narrow roads that take you in the wrong direction so it's better to take Camino Troncosa to the CA 624 and then turn north.

However, I was able to check potential Little Bustard habitat around Benalup and Medina Sidonia more thoroughly than before.  I started, as usual, with visiting Los Badelejos several times to see the little raspberry blower.  On the first visit time was short and it was blowing a gale, but I quickly heard a bird calling from the usual hillside site although it was keeping its head down in the blustery wind. The second visit was aborted as someone was working in the favoured field, but the third visit came up trumps.  One wasn't calling and neither was one strutting around on 'his hillside', but I soon spotted two males in fierce combat in a bean field below the slope.  They weren't close, but a crucial duel was clearly in progress with much pushing, shoving and clashing of bills!  Eventually a victor emerged and the interloper was seen off.  

Another 1.5 km along the track and on the far side of the Corredor Verde (see note under the map above) I checked out another site where I've previously had the species – and just after I arrived I heard one calling.  A moment later I located it in a nearby flower rich field. This area is one I ought to visit more often and spend longer exploring – there's a good chance of Spanish Sparrow or Woodchat Shrike en route, the reedy channel here can hold herons and, best of all, there's a chance of Spanish Imperial Eagle (and other raptors) in the hills above.  

Having done well at an established site I decided to check out another area I'd only previously explored very briefly and have been meaning to check out for a year or two. Only 2.3 km north-west from Los Badelejos on the A 2225 a broad well maintained gravel track heads off to the east (i.e. on your right as you come from Benalup).  Initially the scrub here looks no more interesting than elsewhere (although might it hold Red-necked Nightjar?), but shortly after you cross the Corredor Verde and the track swings to the left, a vista across herb and flower rich fields opens up.

I've seen Calandra Lark, Montagu's Harrier and Stone Curlew here in the past, but with none of these nor any bustards in view I opted to continue along the track.  At each turn I fully expected this track to peter out or be blocked with a gate, but as the fields gave way to scrub then open dhesa, scrub with cacti hedges and a mosaic of other habitats the track kept on rolling on before me.  It was only after 9 km that the excellent track gave way to a narrow rutted track.  I only managed to scratch the surface of this route which promises much. Certainly there's a good chance of Spanish Imperial Eagle (which breed close by), possibly Bonelli's Eagle (I've seen them in the general area in the autumn) and migrating raptors, but what passerines may lurk here is anyone's guess (habits which looked suitable for a variety of birds, including Rufous Bushchat and Orphean Warbler, were certainly present).  There's even a small pond along the route although the many Mallards present were obviously semi-domesticated as they quickly came to the call of a worker who arrived with feed for them!  

Turning back towards the road I couldn't resist scanning the fields for a final time and there he was a fine calling male Little Bustard!  Strutting around a small clump of thistles this showy bird gave a fine display. Result! 

Back on the main road I turned towards Medina for a long delayed appointment with a brace of (over)restored Roman bridges over which the Corredor Verde runs. These stand next to the A 396 some 4 or 5 km south of Medina. Fortunately, there's a small car park near the more northerly bridge as, with my crock foot, even using a stick I'd already walked  too far!   Although I was pandering to my historical interests here, I couldn't help noticing that the culvert had a nesting pair of Red-rumped Swallows, that the fields nearby and the tamarisks along the water course were alive with Spanish Sparrow. The muddy stream-bed had both Little Ringed Plover and Common Sandpiper and it's tempting to speculate that Olivaceous Warbler might be found here too. 

The last stop on this short tour of spots between Los Badelejos and Medina was somewhere I'd visited several times in the past. The road that peels off south from the A 396 once took you to just below the Castillo de Torre Estrella (the prominent ruin on the skyline), but is now fenced and gated after c2 km.  Now a ruin, this castle marked the border between Moorish and Christian Spain for about 250 years and as late as the 19th C was notorious as the home of bandits!   Just after leaving the A 396 a track comes off to the right allowing you to explore the scrubby area of bushes and cacti hedges, but the target area here is a kilometre or so further on.  Although there's a boring agricultural monoculture to your left, to the right is an extensive area of rough pasture not too different from nearby areas that hold Little Bustard.  As yet the species eludes me here although I have had Stone Curlew and Tawny Pipit here which is probably a good sign. This area is often good for Black Kite and Montagu's Harrier are not infrequent.  It is also my 'fall back' site for Calandra Lark which always appears to be present.